US Space Program and Exploration

NASA initiatives are critical to finding solutions to environmental issues. Personally I think that adequate usage of space science will allow astrophysicists to explore the universe and promote conclusive research. Such studies will not only answer pertinent societal issues but will also lead to the advancement of the society. I believe that Space exploration is an Invaluable tool to the development of nature. On a personal point of view, space exploration adequate funding will assist in the advancing of cultures and societies. It is an issue that leads to individuals increasing heir Intent In the field of sciences and other fields.Despite the Issue having disputes, space exploration continues to receive substantial support from politicians and other individuals in the community. The world of today indicates that development In the field of science and technology will Improve the livelihood of societies. America is reducing its spending to NASA, which has the endorsement of overseei ng most of the exploration initiatives. This is not appropriate given that other countries are continuing Investigation and success will have the Intention of bettering the livelihood of their citizens.I think space is currently at a critical level and the United States should strengthen its research initiatives. Space exploration has been leading studies of other planets and their behaviors. There is a statement that usually illicit mixed reaction in the community. There are individuals that state that it is essential to resolve issues of earth before the examination of other planets. There are different politicians that induce similar sentiments during their campaigns and political rallies. In 2006, news anchor Katie Court in commemoration of Sputnik. Said that NASA request for $17 billion was unbelievable.According to her, this amount of money could find application In a myriad of activities right here on earth. Analyzing the situation she failed to realize that space exploration will protect the world from potential threats. I have a belief that studying the universe will provide solutions to potential pandemics facing earth. Such pandemics include climate change and solar flares. The current problem of space exploration is misunderstanding. Many individuals consider It as an extravagant way of spending American citizen tax money. Politicians recommend that funding to NASA should stop.They propose that the government does transfer such funds towards societal projects such as health promotion. Before toys basis. My assessment is that the current problems stem from the fact that, during that period, development of airplanes for space exploration was for status. Nowadays, the reason leading to space exploration is to understand various phenomena occurring in the outer space and affecting the earth. Such explorations will assist in to an understanding of such aspects and develop relevant precautionary measures. In addition, it is possible to conduct exploratio n of Mars for the possibility f supporting human life.Another problem that I foresee hindering the development of space exploration is reports by media houses. Many people do not oppose to space exploration, but it is due to their lack of adequate information. Media only reports once things go wrong with organizations supporting exploration of the outer space. The impression that people acquire from media is that there is no benefit culminating from space exploration but extravagant usage of taxpayers' money. Once individuals generate a perception concerning a something it is difficult to convince such people otherwise.It is difficult to pass the information that space exploration diverts resources of United States to initiatives that aim at solving earth problems. It is crucial for people to have the information that solutions to the current earth problems are in space so that they change their belief about space exploration. I think that solutions to these societal issues would re quire ensuring that citizens have adequate information that will allow them to make credible decisions. Many people believe that the government should divert NASA funding to societal programs.Looking at the 2007 budget directing NASA funding into social funding would mean increasing the later to $ 1. 597 trillion from $ 1. 581. I think it would be naive to think that a 0. 6% increment would have any significant impacts on society. On the other hand, cutting social spending by 1% would increase NASA spending by double. This would increase explorations in space that would provide solutions to a number of problems currently facing the world. Information acquisition can assist citizens to understand that exploring the outer space is not a waste of tax payer's money.In addition, space program leads to the improvement of the society by providing amicable solutions. Politicians should also support the program if it will survive. Many politicians choose not to take part in the debate about exploration of the outer space. Interestingly, politicians continue to downplay the role of space exploration by indicating that it is worthless. Solving the current societal belief that US space program is not essential, space exploration require adequate support from politicians. Advocate of the program should also quit playing defensive and instead embrace their importance.They should insist on the government that the space program require extra funding by having significant scientific research and conclusions. If space programs focus on solving societal problems, there will be a shift from many people dismissing the program to supporting it. Studying the outer space and basing their research on issues that will lead to solving issues is the solution. Studies should include activities such as reducing the effects of solar flares on communication or climate change will lead to its support. Space programs and explorations are indispensable to the society of today. It has and observ e all planets.This is through providing societies with adequate information regarding the outer space. In an example, research concerning Venus indicates that there is an alarming greenhouse effect. Currently, the world is grappling with the reality of deteriorating climate on earth. Studying the events leading to the current green house effects in Venus can assist in solving that problem. It would mean saving generations that would otherwise suffer if there is a lack of required information. If other countries explore and find such solutions it will mean that they will solve the problems of their country, which will advance such economies technologically.Observations made on planet mars indicate that it lacks water. There is no single river in Mars, which means that there were occurrences that lead to the disappearance of water in this planet. Governments would suffer embarrassment in the event of extinction of the world due to lack of proper exploration measures. US space programs are vital to societies of the earth if it will lead to the realization of solutions to problems affecting the world. It is a vital societal issue that require cautionary approach. On a personal point of view, United State government should increase funding of space programs.Failure to support this program will lead to its demise. Essential research will halt as a consequence of Space program failure. United States citizens will miss a pertinent opportunity to find solutions to their problems. I observe that space exploration program is crucial to the world of today. Discussions contained herein indicate that it lacks adequate information that leads to individuals' hostility against the program. Many have a belief that it is wastage of taxpayers' money. Research indicates that it is possible to solve certain societal issues using such programs.It is search realization that led countries such as India, Russia, and China to advance their technologies in this field. Observations of Ven us could result to solutions to green house effects and the climate change. Successful research of Mars could provide adequate information regarding its lack of water, which could be a future problem to earth. Such solutions are societal and would lead to the development of the society and communities of United States and the world at large. It is in accordance with this I believe that United States government should increase its spending on space exploration programs.

How can Ebola affect us Essay

Imagine being isolated from your own family and feeling unsure as to whether or not you will ever see them again. They do not want to come anywhere near you, for you are a threat to their health. The only visitors who come within 10 feet of you are strangers in full on protective gear. They do not want to expose the slightest bit of skin to you and you cannot see anything besides their eyes. The world fears what you are and no one wants to come close to you. You know death is near, and you are all alone. You can see the mountain of corpses outside the wiry mesh window of your facility, being burnt and thrown into mass graves, and you know that you will soon be joining them. This is the life of an Ebola victim.. In the year 1976, Ebola climbed out of its unknown hiding place, and caused the death of 280 out of the 318 people who got infected. That’s an 88% fatality rate. Fear gripped the victims, and tortured their minds. The people of Zaire waited outside clinics, churches and in their homes for a treatment of the horrible disease, but there was no cure. They were forced to watch people die, hoping that they would be saved from the violent death of the Ebola virus. From the year of 1976 till today, researchers have searched for origin and cure of the virus. Scientist have carried out numerous studies and investigations, but no one has been able to find the right explanations. There have been many others out breaks in the past but 2014/15’s outbreak has claimed more lives than all of these other outbreaks together, with a staggering 8386 death and counting. It has also spread between countries starting in Guinea then spreading across land borders to Sierra Leone calming 3,049 lives and Liberia causing 3,515 deaths and to to Nigeria causing 8 deaths. It is believed that the Ebola  virus may have initially been transmitted to humans from bats, and other forms of bush meat like monkeys ect.. fro m the jungles in central Africa, i know it must sount crazy to you to hear that some people eat monkeys but In some remote areas of Africa it is part of their culture and their way of life. In Africa’s Congo Basin, people eat an estimated five million tonnes of bush meat per year. The reason that bush meat is so deadly is because some animals mostly bats, can be a host to specific diseases without being harmed, were as us humans cannot carry these diseases without becoming infected. When a person contracts Ebola they will start to feel the symptoms within the next 2-21 days. The symptoms of Ebola are very distinctive and deadly. If you were to contract Ebola, your experience would be horrific you would start to get bad stomach pains, but it would just be passed off as a common bug. after that they would then start to amplify in pain until they would wake you up from your sleep, which would be followed by chronic vomiting. Anything you ate would come back up. These symptoms would continue for a few days then you would start to lose weight at an extreme rate. Chest pains would now accompany the stomach aches, by this time you would be very weak with virtually no food in your body due to the vomiting and your teeth would start to fall out while you would develop a bloody rash and you would die days later after horrific suffering. But those are just the side effects of what’s really happening in your body. Ebola attacks every organ and all of the tissue in the human body except the bones. You develop blood clots under the skin. Your organs turn to mush and the under layers of your skin die and liquefy; this is what causes the bloody bubbly rash. These things actually happen to Ebola patients every day. Ebola is a very contagious disease; this is why Ebola victims have to be kept contained in hospitals and treatment facilities. When it comes to transmission doctors take cleaning themselves after being in contact with an infected person very seriously. Ebola is transmitted through the passing of boldly fluids, which means if you get fluids from an infected person’s body onto your skin, you should be okay; but we as humans are constantly rubbing our eyes and eating with our hands so this means that we are still giving the Ebola parasite a chance to enter our body. At the moment there is no cure or vaccination for Ebola. Experiments however are taking place to find  a vaccination using antibodies of Ebola survivors. This is possible because like any other disease like small pocks and the chicken pox, one you have survived Ebola u become immune to it. Scientists are trying to figure out how to copy this into a vaccination. Most people in the uk think that they are completely safe from the disease, and at the moment yes they are. It is extremely unlikely that Ebola at the moment could reach the uk and spread like wildfire. However, every person in West Africa, Sierra Leone, Liberia ect that gets infected with Ebola provides it with an opportunity to grow and mutate, if not stopped it will eventually maybe in the next year, maybe in the next 10 years become air born. This means that even breathing near an Ebola patient will give u the disease. Once air born it will travel the world and could patiently kill a large percentage of the earth’s population. Including you. I hope now you can see why Ebola need stop be stopped. Thanks for listening

Strategic marketing based on case study Maytag Corporation Research Paper

Strategic marketing based on case study Maytag Corporation - Research Paper Example The main problem in this case is the decision of buying the Maytag Corporation. The deadline regarding the offer is getting near and Qingdao Haier was still undecided whether or not to acquire the other company. Alongside with the main problem is the issue of what would Maytag bring to Qingdao in case it has made its decision to finally acquire it – whether it will be beneficial to the company or would just be a burden to the firm. Moreover, the changes that the acquisition would bring to the company such as the structure, the operations and even the policies are also the things that Qingdao should consider. All these should be evaluated in order to come up with a sound decision of Qingdao’s acquisition of Maytag. SWOT Analysis †¢ Strengths Qingdao Haier Ltd. is a very powerful company operating for more than two decades already. With this, the company has become one of the top 50 corporations in developing countries. Its ability to manufacture appliances at a wide range is also a strength that the company has, not to mention its diversified marketing strategy. Being able to conquer even the foreign lands is a proof of how well the company is going. The strength of going in for a difficult market, just like what the company did shows how strong the company is and reaching those markets is another strength for the company since this would mean that they are able to influence more people, thus bringing in higher income to themselves. As for Maytag Corporation, its edge on advertising is a big strength for the company. The quality of their appliances is also well-known. Maytag has as well made a mark in the home appliance industry by selling their appliances on the large retailers and numerous independent distributors. Con quering the United States, the company is said to be at large in this country. Maytag Corporation can also be said as a diversified corporation when it comes to their products. They are able to compete with other companies by producing appliances that meet the needs of different people. Weaknesses The Qingdao Haier Ltd. is weak at its advertising campaigns. Though this could not be seen as much of a hindrance to the company’s success, still, it can be viewed as its weakness, as advertisements make a huge impact on everything especially when you are selling something. Another weakness that Qingdao possesses is the pricing. Qingdao prices its products lower than any other brands like Whirlpool, General Electric and Maytag. This can be viewed as a weakness since by pricing your product on a lower level; consumers can have the mentality that your product is a sub-standard one as well. On the other hand, Maytag Corporation’s main weakness is its lack of innovation. The need s of people changes as time passes by and Maytag failed to deliver these needs, unlike what the other brands did. This has caused for the decline in sales and revenues for Maytag Corporation for the past years. With this, distributors as well stopped selling the brands thus giving

Market Entry Project for CVS in Chile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Market Entry Project for CVS in Chile - Essay Example Along with this comes an online shopping portal, which also features an online prescription fulfillment system. The target market for CVS Pharmacy stores consists majorly of women (16-64) and people with medical needs. The countries in consideration are taken from the Caribbean and Latin America covering Mexico, Brazil and Chile. Mexico Mexico, which is located beside Belize and Guatemala and is 3,141 km from the U.S., is the country in Latin America. In the region of Latin America, Mexico can be regarded as the medium size country and market. Considering the FDI of CVS, we focus on people and society, government, and economy. The population of Mexico is 113,724,226 until July 2011, and the country comparison to the world is 11 (CIA - The World Factbook). Mexico has a high population growth rate which is 2%. In the whole country, 28.2% of the population is between 0-14 years, 65.2% is between 15-64 years and 6.6% is 65 years and over. The median age of Mexico is 27.1 years, for males is 26 years and for females is 28.1 years. The Urban population is 77% in 2008, 78% in 2009 and 78% 2010, which is increasing now. The poverty rate is 47.0% in 2004, 42.6% in 2006, and 47.4% in 2008. What’s more, the labor force of Mexico is 46.99 million in 2010. We can see that Mexico has a large population and the biggest part of Mexico’s population is young adults. People trend away from suburban to urban because the urban population rate is increasing. On the other hand, the poverty rate of Mexico is fluctuant, which shows the economic situation is fluctuant too, and in these years, the poverty rate is decreasing. Mexico has civil law system with US constitutional law theory, so CVS Caremark is familiar and legal system of Mexico causing smaller barrier for CVS to enter this market. And according to the World Audit, the Democracy Audit scores of the political rights and civil liberties are 2 and 3; this means the political policy of Mexico is relatively free. Mor eover, the political policies that Mexican government takes on healthcare industry really influence the pharmacy industry in Mexico. Mexican government tends to extend the healthcare services and will expand the insurance coverage to 102.0 million in 2011. Seguro Popula is introduced to increase the available resources of healthcare and cover 50.0 million people in 2011. This reform really attracts substantial foreign companies and investments to enter Mexican pharmaceuticals market. It is a great opportunity for CVS Caremark to make an entry to Mexico. The GDP of Mexico in 2008 is $1.582 trillion, $1.486 trillion in 2009, and $1.567 trillion in 2010. What’s more, the GDP per capital has the same tendency as GDP. The GDP per capital in 2008 is $14.400, in 2009 is $13,400, and in 2010 is $13,900. Another important part of the data about the economic situation of Mexico is CPI. According to Countries and Economies, using 2005 as the basic year, the CPI of Mexico is 104 in 2006, 108 in 2007, 113 in 2008, 119 in 2009, and 124 in 2010. The inflation rate of Mexico in 2009 is 5.3% and in 2010 is 4.2%. What’s more, the total labor force of Mexico is 46.99 million in 2010. Of that 46.99 million, 13.7% was occupied by agriculture, 23.4% was occupied by industry, and 62.9% was occupied by services (CIA - The World Factbook). In general, the data shows the economic downturn in 2009 of Mexico, both GDP and GDP per capital were decreased in 2009 and the inflation rate of Mexico in 2009 was also very high. In 2010, the economic situ

Developing Professional Practice and Using Information in HR Assignment

Developing Professional Practice and Using Information in HR - Assignment Example 1. What are the key social trends that might be causing these problems? Try to find facts and figures to support your answer. The key social trends include the fact that employees have largely been unwilling to apply their own selves towards work and this is the reason why the employee turnover rate is quite high at Davidsons. Davidsons is a name that is renowned throughout the United Kingdom and all out efforts are required by its management to make sure that the employees and workers remain on board no matter how tough or trying the circumstances turn out to be. The social trends need to change and this is something that will work in the favour of Davidsons because it will be able to derive the benefits and extract profits in the future. The facts and figures that can be used to support this anomaly surround the basis of understanding where Davidsons is going wrong and how it can have a better and more constructive relationship with the employees that join its ranks. The social trends can only get better when there is more energy and dynamism shown by the Davidsons’ top hierarchy so that success sh all happen in an easy way. Perhaps the attitudes of the officials are one thing that must be deciphered in an adequate sense because this sets the basis for achieving harmony and success across the board. It is also one of the reasons why Davidsons is losing out on its popularity within the United Kingdom and thus staunch efforts are needed to make amends.... The employment issues will come up time and again if the employees and potential workers know that they will be treated differently, and their domains would be sabotaged by the ones who exist in the workplace realms. The social trends therefore have a huge say in asking the employees where they might like to see changes within the relevant contexts. The social trends essentially dictate the difference between the good initiatives at work and the bad omens which have come about due to a number of factors. On the part of Davidsons, it is of paramount significance to comprehend that these social trends are rectified for the best interests of the employees and so that the new ones also acquaint it from time to time, whilst retaining the old ones. The impact of these social trends on employment issues therefore happen when the company is going through a tough time and there are no friends for its basis in the long run. This is the time when the social trends need to be aligned in such a w ay that there are only benefits to gain from. 3. What would you recommend Davidsons do to address these social trends? Davidsons needs to make a number of changes within its fore as far as the social trends that exist within its fore are concerned. This will mean that the employees need to be given more security which they look forward to receiving at the hands of the Davidsons’ top management. They must feel good when they are at work because higher motivation levels ensure that things are working fine within the realms of Davidsons. I would recommend Davidsons to go all-out in its quest to bring up changes because its own reputation is now at stake. It must make sure that these changes do not hamper its working realms. This

Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literacy - Essay Example Functional literacy's popularity, that since formulations by UNESCO in the 1940s is based upon the assumption that it is of great practical importance as it enables access to work and economic security. Functional literacy occupies a place at the low extreme of a literacy continuum on which cultural and critical forms of literacy occupy the high extreme. High forms of literacy are associated with high order cognition (abstraction, logical reasoning, simultaneous consideration of several ideas and wisdom beyond knowledge) but significant ideological differences separate cultural literacy and critical literacy (McLaren, 2001). Cultural literacy is a contemporary version of the classical paradigm in that it focusses upon the transmission of mainstream linguistic and cultural knowledge. Critical literacy is a refinement and extension of the progressive paradigm and is concerned with 'decoding the ideological dimensions of texts, institutions, social practices and cultural forms such as television and film, in order to reveal their selective interests' (McLaren, 2001: p. 213). Within the critical paradigm, attention is given to reading, writing, spelling, grammar, punctuation, speaking, listening, viewing, etc. only in so far as they enable one to use language critically and intentionally to serve one's own purposes. The term of 'literacy' has been chosen for a number

Is Conventional Medicine the Only Way to Go Essay

Is Conventional Medicine the Only Way to Go - Essay Example According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health of the United States government, which is "dedicated to exploring complementary and alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science, training CAM researchers and disseminating authoritative information" (University of Texas, 2006), complementary and alternative medicine is defined as "a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine" (NCCAM, 2002). It must be remembered that complementary medicine and alternative medicine are two different things. Complementary medicine, as the name suggests, is employed in conjunction with conventional medicine. "An example of a complementary therapy is using aromatherapy to help lessen a patient's discomfort following surgery" (NCCAM, 2002). On the other hand, alternative medicine, again as suggested by how the area of study is termed, is actually practiced instead of conventional practices. "An example of an alternative therapy is using a special diet to treat cancer instead of undergoing surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy that has been recommended by a conventional doctor" (NCCAM, 2002). Then again, integrative medicine "combines mainstream medical therapies and CAM therapies for which there is some high-quality scientific evidence of safety and effectiveness" (NCCAM, 2002). Under the umbrella of complementary and alternative medicine are five major classifications, as categorized by the NCCAM: (1) Alternative Medical Systems; (2) Mind-Body Interventions; (3) Biologically Based Therapies; (4) Manipulative and Body-Based Methods; and (5) Energy Therapies. Alternative medical systems include homeopathic medicine, naturopathic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and Ayurveda. Mind-body interventions include techniques such as patient support groups, cognitive-behavioral therapy, meditation, prayer, mental healing, and therapies that use creative outlets such as art, music, or dance. Biologically based therapies make use of natural products, such as herbs, foods, and vitamins, and include therapies like dietary supplements (Although, nowadays, dietary supplements have been incorporated into the practice of conventional medicine.), herbal products, and the use of other so-called natural but as yet scientifically unproven therapies. Manipulative and body-b ased methods include chiropractic manipulation, osteopathic manipulation, and massage. Lastly, energy therapies, which are further subdivided into biofield therapies and bioelectromagnetic-based therapies, include qi gong, Reiki, and Therapeutic Touch under the former, and pulsed fields, magnetic fields, alternating-current fields, or direct-current fields under the latter. With all the different kinds of therapies and forms of health and medical care, individuals are now faced with much more difficult

Diabetes mellitus type 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Essay Example This is when blood cells not only ignore insulin but also prevent glucose absorption in to the body, hence resulting to its build up in the blood (Braham, 2011). The initial symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus are the emission of a faint smell, normally fruit or vegetable order, in his breath or urine. This urine is commonly known as sweet urine (Braham, 2011). The essay will shed more light on diabetes mellitus type 2, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and patient education. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common type of diabetes. According to studies so far conducted, it is cited to have contributed to about 90-95% of all the complication’s cases (Levenne & Donnelly, 2008). Apart from high blood pressure, other risk factors associated with this malady include genetic factors and high cholesterol levels. In most cases, its occurrence is due to the disruption of sensitive tissues to the extent that they no longer respond properly to insulin, hence graduating to insulin resistance (Poretsky, 2010). This is a state where accumulation of glucose in the blood exceeds the appropriate levels. This condition if not treated earlier, it normally results to failing of peripheral blood tissues. Generally, Type 2 if untreated can be life threatening, especially if not detected earlier. This is because lack of treatment can result to severe complications such as kidney failure, blindness and nerve damage (Braham, 2011). Studies contend type 2 is the main contributing factor in the contraction of strokes and coronary heart diseases. This is due to the narrowing and hardening of blood vessels, which is a problem commonly known as atherosclerosis (Braham, 2011). Loss of glucose in urine and elevated blood sugar levels are the earliest symptoms of untreated type 2 condition. Some of type 2 symptoms that follow later on usually vary across persons. The most cited symptoms of this type are usually blurred

Negotiation, Listening and Responding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation, Listening and Responding - Essay Example First, I would like to take this credit of bringing up a valid point. Although the service director did not really grant my wish, yet I feel relieved to have said what I wanted to say. Had I not said it all, it would have pinched me from inside and my productivity would have been affected for the worse. By principle, I should not have been scheduled to cover a route on Thursday since it was not in my district. In response to this, the service director also brought up a very valid and reasonable point that routes in my district were being covered by the skippers which was something that did not happen in other districts. Parts of the negotiation that employed ineffective listening and speaking included the occasional noise of the passing trolleys outside the service director’s office which disrupted the conversation. â€Å"The goal of communication between a sender and a receiver is understanding of the message being sent. Anything that interferes with this can be referred to as ‘noise’† (intstudentsup.org, 2013). Our conversation was frequently disturbed by a call from the GM and from the service managers to the service director. The service director also seemed to be in a hurry probably because the GM had assigned him some urgent task. After the obtainment of message through the visual and auditory channels, it is important to attend to it inside the working memory which can be achieved by focusing on the visual and auditory stimuli (Wolvin, 2012, p. 2).... 2). I believe that his understanding was being impaired by the phone calls. However, I was a bit nervous because the service director was much senior to me not only in rank but also in age. I was the age of his child. My immaturity of age compared to his might have made him feel as if I was having that problem because of lack of my understanding of the gravity of matters. I did not do right by only thinking in my mind that things would be the same as they were before. I had presumed that the service director had decided already and would not reconsider my request; that was wrong. I should have believed as a successful negotiator that both of us were trying to reach an agreement (Guasco and Robinson, 2007, p. 4). One alternative way to conduct this conversation in a manner that would enhance the understanding of the matter for both of us and facilitate effective listening and speaking would be sending an email to the service director discussing the whole problem, and getting a reply f rom him via an email. The advantage of this alternative would be that he would consider my problem thoroughly in free time and think over it deeply before making me a reply. Another advantage would be that I would say everything I wanted to in the email without keeping any thoughts to myself. Another alternative way would be first discussing the issue with the service manager and ask him to convey it to the service director. The advantage of this would be that I would be conveying my message through a proper channel i.e. via service manager. Secondly, since the service manager and the service director are age-fellows, their conversation would not be impaired by

Incident Command System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Incident Command System - Essay Example Common terminology pertains to the use of standard terms during disasters where every responding personnel understand one another because they have the same jargon or language which describes organizational functions, facilities, resources and position titles (FEMA, n.d). Modular organization is a description of the incident command organizational structure that is top-down in style. This kind of organizational structure is flexible to accommodate the magnitude and difficulty of the disaster. Management by objectives is the development of goals during the operation process that is practical, measurable and achievable; this is in relation to having reliance on an incident action plan (IAP) that provides means of communicating operational and support objectives (FEMA, n.d). Chain of command and unity of command entails reporting to one supervisor or head only to avoid overlapping of orders that may come from various heads or supervisors at different levels. Unified command on the other hand allows multiple agencies with different functions to work as a team irregardless of respective agency influence and accountability. Manageable span of control sets a limit to the number of personnel a supervisor can handle in an ICS, which is three (3) to seven (7) people only. Predesignated incident locations and facilities are the sites established to house operational and support facilities that can be found within the area of the disaster or incident. New locations or sites can be made as needed. Resource management includes the overall resources needed within the disaster vicinity in terms of ordering, tracking and recovery (FEMA, n.d). Information and intelligence management refers to the procedures for the management of information related to the incident. Integrated communications is the process of establishing a standard and interoperable communication system within the ICS. Transfer of command pertains to the transfer of command responsibilities that includes proper briefing of all pertinent information so that the operation can go on efficiently (FEMA, n.d). Accountability depicts following the standard operating procedures needed within an ICS. This includes reporting to receive assignments based on protocol by the incident commander; followed by adhering to the outlined IAP where every responder will be assigned under one supervisor only, who will also account for the changes in resource status. And last but not the least is mobilization where needed personnel and equipment at a disaster site will respond only as needed and directed (FEMA, n.d). As an incident commander for the disaster that occurred in Japan, I will first and foremost set up an appropriate location for the incident command center. Then I will make a preliminary estimate of the number of people and the type of facilities as well as equipment that is needed on site. Before any actual operation starts all responders will be given a list that contains common words or terms to b e used in communications. After which, I will assign all responders to their respective supervisors limiting three people only under one supervisor who will give their specific duties to perform. As the operation progresses, I will collate all

Assessment of the War on Terror Essay Example for Free

Assessment of the War on Terror Essay The necessity and the non-necessity of wars in the course of human history and societal change may be seen from two diametrically opposing views. On the one hand, it is considered necessary in the sense similar to Adolf Hitler’s stance on war and its critical function in the evolution of man and society. In his work entitled Mein Kampf, he writes, â€Å"Mankind has grown strong in eternal struggles and it will only perish through eternal peace† (1943, p. 45). On the other hand, pacifist thinkers such as Mahatma Gandhi do not assent to the idea that wars are necessary. On the contrary, his notion of civil disobedience is founded on the principle of â€Å"ahimsa†, that is, total non-violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gulf Wars, a term currently used to refer to the series of wars which occurred in the past two decades with its culmination in what is popularly known as the United States of America’s Invasion of Iraq in 2003.The striking fact though is that the different moral convictions of the people is made manifest even in their choice of words to refer to the aforementioned Invasion of Iraq. Invasion is a derogatory word. The concept of invasion assumes the existence of a hostile party who will cause turmoil and havoc within another territory. However, for those who assent to the Bush administration, the proper term is not invasion but rather, liberation. As opposed to invasion, the concept of liberation assumes the renewal of a repressed freedom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These insights point out that human social reality is held fast by systems of power and power relations, most especially in the context of international politics and a globalized, capital-driven economy. Globalization is indeed, the current paradigm. This paper’s task involves an evaluation of the political motivations that can justify the necessity of war. One may perceive the current United States War on terror in two ways. First, one may perceive it as an appeal to the Messianic aspect of man in terms of which man enables the liberation of his neighbor from conditions that restrict his freedom. Second, one may view it as a country’s plight for continuous economic growth thereby sacrificing the life of the few and the interests of other nations for the procurement of its own interests. It is important to note that Bush Administration’s War on Terrorism can be summed as a country’s plight for economic power at the expense of the blood of the â€Å"few†.    If such is the case, the aforementioned war does not thereby adhere to the main propositions of what may considered, as a just war, which states that the use of force by one nation against the other, is always wrong unless the latter has forfeited its basic rights (Lackey 222). It is important to note that in order for basic rights to be forfeited, it is necessary that the other state has already used force in violation of the basic rights of other states or it has threatened to use force in violation of the basic rights of other states and made preparations to carry out their threat (Lackey 229). Another instance wherein a state has forfeited its basic rights is apparent during instances wherein its ability to govern is disrupted by a secessionist movement which is representative in character or when the state in question has engaged in massive violations of basic personal rights (Lackey 229). These conditions, however, were not initially met by Iran before the aforementioned War on Terror. References Hitler, Adolf (1943).   Mien Kampf.   Trans. Ralf Manheim.   London: Houghton Mifflin. Lackey, Douglas.   â€Å"The Ethics of War and Peace.†

Taking Care of Earth Essay Example for Free

Taking Care of Earth Essay One story about water pollution that might have caught the attention of the world is the one put into the movie, Erin Brokovich. The link to the introduction of this story can be found on the following address: http://www. lawbuzz. com/famous_trials/erin_brockovich/erin_brockovich_ch1. htm. The story, which really happened in real life, is more on the litigation process but the truth and the cause of it is the pollution of water with hexavalent chromium or chromium 6 causing stomach cancer. This problem, which was caused by Pacific Gas and Electric company, would have been prevented if it had not dumped 370 ,000,000 galloons of the cancer-causing chemical in the water. These problems are actually being handled at the present on similar situations. Companies become more aware and put environmental aspect on their goals which is both good for the public and for the health of the business itself.. 2. The greatest problem that is caused by the use of oil and other fossil fuels is â€Å"GREED†. With greed, anything is possible. Humans are capable of killing each other to take control of oil wells, take over â€Å"oily† nations and the worst, humans, to have big profits from oil, do not think of the pollution it causes, especially to air and water. It also damage the habitat of ocean creatures when the oil is to be â€Å"rigged† and extracted. Without oil, no one would be too greedy to have it. 3. 1. Growing population causes loss of biodiversity. Biodiversity loss are caused by human settlements displacing plants and animals. Forests are converted into human villages; lands for plants and woods are converted into cities and real estates; dynamite fishing kills water species to provide for human consumption. On the other hand, to feed the growing world, agriculture must be enhanced. Genetic engineering and biotechnology, which are the processes needed for improving food production, cause much loss to biodiversity. â€Å"Agriculture is considered by some agro-ecologists to be probably the single most important factor contributing to the general global decline in biodiversity. † (Biodiversity Loss and Public NA) 3. 2 Ecosystem gets destroyed and becomes imbalanced caused by too many humans on earth. Humans must interfere with the natural ecosystem in order to survive and to support the growing number of lives on earth. Humans cause â€Å"genetic erosion† on plants and animal when humans force greater production and greater frequency of hatching to gain money and feed the earth’s population. 3. 3 Too much population causes too much pollutants. One element that makes the climate change on the earth is the imbalance of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is emitted by pollution and other human activities. Although carbon dioxide is the biggest cause of greenhouse effect, water vapor and methane also cause climate change. Thus, more humans, more garbage, more incinerators, more gases, more climate change damaging the earth.. To reduce the above mentioned effects of growing population on earth, humans must think of sustainable way to exist and to â€Å"continue to exist. † This means reducing pollutants, garbage, protecting the environment and conserve any natural resources possible. This means no dumping garbage or candy wrappers in the drain, recycling of used motor oil, recycling water and everything recyclable, turning off lights and other electrical appliances when not needed. This may sound a bit difficult for the humanity (because humans are not very disciplined) but if humans would encounter big risks on harming the environment, sooner or later, they will realize what is best to do to continue to live on this earth. Sustainable agriculture, sustainable consumption would mean sustainable life on earth! Reference Biodiversity Loss and Public Health;. Manila Bulletin 18 Mar. 2007: NA. Questia. 22 May 2008 http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5019892773.

The House of Lords decision in Bolitho (Bolitho

The House of Lords decision in Bolitho (Bolitho The House of Lords decision in Bolitho (Bolitho v City and Hackney HA [1998] AC 232) is a belated and welcome departure from judicial deference to medical opinion but there is still too much deference and more has to be done. Critically comment on the above statement. In any negligence claim, in order to succeed the claimant must show that he was owed a duty of care by the defendant, that the duty of care was breached, and that the breach of duty caused the damage complained of.[1] Kennedy and Grubb comment that the duty of care arises ‘from a request for medical services by an individual and a consequent undertaking by a doctor [or other health care professional] to provide these services.[2] Margaret Brazier has observed: ‘[a] patient claiming against his doctor †¦ usually has little difficulty in establishing that the defendant owes him a duty of care’.[3] The second stage of a clinical negligence action is to show that the doctor has breached his standard of care. In any negligence claim, the standard of care is set by law and is an objective standard.[4] Words such as reasonable or responsible are normally attributed to such a standard. Such adjectives are not normally equated with a practice that is ‘common’ or ‘accepted’. With respect to medical negligence claims however, the law has not taken such a view. The case of Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee[5] has established that ‘a doctor is not guilty of negligence if he has acted in accordance with a practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical men skilled in that particular art’. The Bolam case was a decision at first instance, but was later approved by the House of Lords in Whitehouse v Jordan.[6] The courts have continuously taken a protectionist view of the medical profession in clinical negligence claims. Jackson acknowledges that this could be due to the complexity of medical evidence, but it could also be explained by a sense of professional solidarity.[7] The medical profession has been highly regarded in society, and the courts have also expressed their respect. In Wilsher v Essex AHA,[8] Mustill LJ comments: â€Å"For all we know, [The doctors in this case] far surpassed on numerous occasions the standard of reasonable care. Yet it is said that for one lapse they (and not just their employers) are to be held liable in damages. Nobody could criticise the mother for doing her best to secure her son’s financial future. But has not the law taken a wrong turning if an action of this kind is to succeed?† It is interesting to note the difference in policy in cases involving medical professionals. In other negligence cases, the courts have commented that the function of the law of negligence (and the law of torts in general), is to compensate injured parties for loss. The judiciary have had no moral objections to awarding damages in cases where they can apply the ‘deepest pocket’ principle. Thus, in Nettleship v Weston,[9] Lord Denning had no problems in asserting that a learner driver would be held to the same standard of a competent driver (competent would be ascertained on an objective basis by the court), as the driver would be insured and thus, the law will award damages from the deepest pocket. Yet, there has been considerable hesitation in holding doctors negligent for public policy reasons, despite the fact that doctors will be also be insured. Furthermore, doctors working in the NHS will generally not be personally held accountable for the negligence – the action is brought against the Trust vicariously and NHS Trusts in England and Wales are part of an ‘insurance like’ scheme, the Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts (CNST) administered by the NHS Litigation Authority. The Bolam principle may be formulated as a rule that a doctor is not negligent if he acts in accordance with a practice accepted at the time as proper by a responsible body of medical opinion even though other doctors may adopt a different practice. ‘In short, the law imposes the duty of care; but the standard of care is a matter of medical judgment.’[10] In Maynard v West Midlands RHA,[11] Lord Scarman seemed to favour an approach that a doctor will not be negligent if there are other reasonably held approaches that are the same as the defendant doctor’s approach: â€Å"I have to say that a judge’s ‘preference’ for one body of distinguished professional opinion to another also professionally distinguished is not sufficient to establish negligence in a practitioner whose actions have received the seal of approval of those whose opinions, truthfully expressed, honestly held, were not preferred †¦ For in the realm of diagnosis and treatment negligence is not established by preferring one respectable body of professional opinion to another.† The pure Bolam approach is the subject of scathing academic criticism. Kennedy and Grubb comment: â€Å"It may seem curious that the law would defer to the medical profession in setting the content of the duty in negligence.†[12] Despite the deference to the medical profession in the courts, there have been some exceptions and one example is the case of Hucks v Cole.[13] The case involved a pregnant woman with a septic finger whose doctor failed to prescribe her penicillin. The patient suffered puerperal fever as a result and a number of witnesses gave evidence stating that they would not have prescribed penicillin in the same situation. However, the Court of Appeal held that even if there are relatively small risks involved, the fact that it would have been easy to avoid such risks so easily and inexpensively, is clearly not reasonable. Sachs LJ comments: â€Å"On such occasions the fact that other practitioners would have done the same thing as the defendant practitioner is a very weighty matter to be put on the scales on his behalf; but it is not †¦ conclusive. †¦ Despite the fact that the risk could have been avoided by adopting a course that was easy, efficient and inexpensive, and which would have entailed only minimal chances of disadvantages to the patient, the evidence of the four defence experts to the effect that they and other responsible members of the medical profession would have taken the same risk in the same circumstances has naturally caused me to hesitate †¦ The reasons given by the four experts do not to my mind stand up to analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The approach taken in Hucks v Cole was also adopted by the House of Lords in Bolitho v City and Hackney HA,[14] in which the traditional Bolam approach was departed from. Lord Browne-Wilkinson comments: â€Å"In the vast majority of cases the fact that distinguished experts in the field are of a particular opinion will demonstrate the reasonableness of that opinion. In particular, where there are questions of assessment of the relative risks and benefits of adopting a particular medical practice, a reasonable view necessarily presupposes that the relative risks and benefits have been weighed by the experts in forming their opinions. But if, in a rare case, it can be demonstrated that the professional opinion is not capable of withstanding logical analysis, the judge is entitled to hold that the body of opinion is not reasonable or responsible.† The relevance of the Bolitho decision was initially regarded as a major shift from the pure Bolam approach. Following the decision, Kennedy and Grubb comment that ‘the law has been put back on its proper course’.[15] Lord Browne-Wilkinson was suggesting that medical approach must be defensible and capable of withstanding logical analysis. However, he qualified this by stating that this would only occur in ‘rare’ cases. Hucks v Cole was certainly one of those rare cases, but it is arguable whether there has been a significant shift in approach by the courts. In Wisniewski v Central Manchester Health Authority,[16] the defendant did not follow a procedure that would have detected that a baby’s umbilical cord was wrapped around his neck during birth and the medical opinion differed over the reasonableness of such. Brooke LJ comments that: â€Å"Hucks v Cole itself was unquestionably one of the rare cases which Lord Browne-Wilkinson had in mind †¦ In my judgment the present case falls unquestionably on the other side of the line, and it is quite impossible for a court to hold that the views sincerely held by [the experts supporting the actions of the defendant] cannot logically be supported at all †¦ the views expressed by [those experts] were views which could be logically supported and held by responsible doctors.† There have been a small number of ‘rare’ cases where the courts have gone as far as questioning the logic and defensibility of medical authority. The case of Reynolds v North Tyneside Health Authority,[17] is one such example. Thus, Gross J comments that it is one of those ‘rare cases where the Court could and should conclude that such body of opinion was unreasonable, irresponsible, illogical and indefensible.’ Similarly, in Marriott v West Midlands RHA,[18] the Court of Appeal stated that the expert evidence given by the witnesses defending the doctor’s conduct could not be logically supported. The Court of Appeal also affirmed that the trial judge was entitled to question whether an opinion was reasonably held and Mason and Laurie comment that ‘[o]n the face of things, then, Marriott moves the Bolitho test from one of logic to one of reasonableness, which is much more akin to the reasoning applied in other, non-medical standard of care decisi ons.’[19] The approach taken by the courts post Bolitho seems to suggest that the courts are only prepared to examine the credibility of witnesses and not the content of their evidence. So long as the evidence given is ‘truthfully held’ and ‘honestly expressed’ then the court is reluctant to question the evidence.[20] Furthermore, there have been a number of post-Bolitho decisions and it seems as though there is still a constant reluctance to question medical experts, and if there has been any departure from the traditional Bolam approach, this certainly seems to have been on the basis of the credibility of expert witnesses, and not on the reasonableness of their opinion. Thus, the subsequent case law suggests a somewhat restrictive approach on the modification of the Bolam principle in its new Bolitho interpretation.[21] Writing extra judicially, Lord Woolf comments that there have been a number of reasons for a shift away from the traditional approach in Bolam.[22] The courts apparently now have a less deferential approach to those in authority.[23] The courts have also apparently recognised the difficulties that genuine claimants have in successfully bringing a clinical negligence claim. At the same time, there has been a raise in the number of clinical negligence claims in England and Wales over the last number of years.[24] Furthermore, with an increasing awareness of patient rights, an increasing loss of faith in the public health service following various health ‘scandals’ such as Bristol and Alder Hey, a judicial deference to the medical profession certainly has its days numbered. Also, as Woolf acknowledges, ‘our courts were aware that courts at the highest level of other Commonwealth jurisdictions, particularly Canada and Australia, were rejecting the approach of the Engli sh Courts. They were subjecting the actions of the medical profession to a closer scrutiny that the English Courts †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[25] Other commentators have also noted the way in which lawyers approach the issue of using expert witnesses. Teff comments: â€Å"Reassertion at the highest level of the court’s role in scrutinizing professional practice is welcome, not least because of current concerns about the dynamics of providing expert evidence for the purposes of adversarial litigation. Some law firms’ choice of experts is apt to depend too much on perceived presentational skills and acuity in advancing the client’s case, and too little on detached expertise†¦ †¦ One prominent medicolegal authority has bluntly declared that ‘Bolam will only work fairly if the use of hired hands as defence medical experts is eliminated. It would then be possible to talk of a responsible body of medical opinion’.†[26] Teff has thus outlined some of the practices that demonstrate how the Bolam principle is deferential in practice. Lawyers tend to look for an expert who will make their case stronger, and a survey of 500 expert witnesses revealed that about a quarter noted comments that in some instances, witnesses were requested to change comments that were alteration of their opinions.[27] The problems associated with the Bolam test have not only presented themselves in clinical negligence cases. The traditional Bolam approach was also questioned under the scope of ‘informed consent’ cases, which involve a claim of negligence for failing to warn of risks inherent in treatment. The leading case on the issue of disclosure of risks in treatment is Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital.[28] Discussion of the Bolam test was present in practically all of the judgments delivered. Lord Bridge asserted that the law should reject the ‘reasonable patient’ test and follow a modified version of the Bolam test. Accordingly, disclosure of information is ‘primarily a matter of clinical judgment’, but this does not mean that the profession is entitled to set its own standard in such cases. Thus, a judge would be entitled to hold that a clinician should have disclosed a risk where there was a procedure that involved a ‘substantial risk of grave adverse consequences’, giving the example of a 10 per cent risk of stroke as substantial, but a 1 or 2 per cent risk of spinal cord damage was not substantial. Similarly, Lord Templeman also suggested that a modified Bolam approach should be taken. Subsequent interpretation of the Sidaway case has not been straightforward. The reasoning of the judges in the case is far from consistent, and furthermore, according to Lord Browne-Wilkinson, the modified test put forward to Bolitho did not apply to such cases. The Court of Appeal in Gold v Haringey HA,[29] merely referred to the judgment of Lord Diplock and therefore applying the Bolam principle in its purest form, an approach not generally followed by the House of Lords in Sidaway. The Australian High Court on the other hand decided the issue differently in the case of Rogers v Whitaker.[30] In that case, the shortcomings of the Bolam test were identified by the High Court: â€Å"One consequence of the application of the Bolam principle to cases involving the provision of advice or information is that, even if a patient asks a direct question about the possible risks or complications, the making of that inquiry would logically be of little or no significance; medical opinion determines whether the risk should or should not be disclosed and the express desire of a particular patient for information or advice does not alter that opinion or the legal significance of that opinion. The fact that the various majority opinions in Sidaway †¦ for example, suggest that, over and above the opinion of a respectable body of medical practitioners, the questions of a patient should truthfully be answered (subject to the therapeutic privilege) indicates a shortcoming in the Bolam approach.† The Australian High Court specifically chose not to follow the Bolam test in information disclosure cases, commenting: â€Å"In Australia, it has been accepted that the standard of care to be observed by a person with some special skill or competence is that of the ordinary skilled person exercising and professing to have that special skill †¦ But, that standard is not determined solely or even primarily by reference to the practice followed or supported by a responsible body of opinion in the relevant profession or trade †¦ Even in the sphere of diagnosis and treatment, the heartland of the skilled medical practitioner, the Bolam principle has not always been applied †¦ Further, and more importantly, particularly in the field of non-disclosure of risk and the provision of advice and information, the Bolam principle has been discarded and, instead, the courts have adopted the principle that, while evidence of acceptable medical practice is a useful guide for the courts, it is for the courts to adjudicate on what is the appropriate standard of care after giving weight to the paramount consideration that a person is entitled to make his own decisions about his life.† The comments made by Lord Woolf[31] in his paper are clearly justified when examining the decision in Rogers v Whittaker. Commonwealth decisions have been far more willing to examine and scrutinize medical evidence and it may not always be a question of what is more preferential for the judge to follow, but it is instead what the judge feels is reasonable. This does not involve the judge merely accepting that two courses of treatment may have both been reasonable in the circumstances in the opinion of medical experts. The judge’s actual role is to establish the reasonableness of each on the basis of the evidence presented to him and that does not necessarily mean that both have to be right. Mason and Laurie comment: â€Å"[W]hile the courts are increasingly determined to see that the Bolam principle is not extended [into areas such as judging ‘best interests’], they still have an innate reluctance to abandon it in respect of medical opinion; there is a sense that Bolitho, although welcome, is being used mainly in a ‘back-up’ position. What is certain is that Bolam can no longer be regarded as impregnable.† Thus, on the basis of the above comment, the post-Bolitho meaning of Bolam is that it is merely a back up for when the case faced by the court suits a change in approach. Furthermore, while the courts have been apparently reluctant to extending the Bolam principle into the best interests test,[32] the principle has already been incorporated into the concept of best interests. Airedale NHS Trust v Bland[33] required an analysis of what was in the best interests of a patient in a persistent vegetative state, who was being kept alive by artificial nutrition and hydration. In an analysis of whether such nutrition and hydration should be withdrawn (resulting in the death of the patient), the Law Lords turned to analyse the patient’s best interests. The treatment was apparently not in the patient’s best interests. This was because it was regarded as futile. In Lord Goff’s words[34], ‘the patient is unconscious and there is no prospect of any improvement in his condition’. In deciding whether the treatment was futile, the doctor had to act in accordance with a responsible body of medical opinion. More precisely the doctor had to satisfy the Bolam test. It is difficult to comprehend how it is relevant in deciding what is in the best interests of a patient –conflicting views of doctors will always be Bolam reasonable as long as one other doctor supports that view. In conclusion, the courts have established a completely different system of establishing the standard of care for medical professionals to that of other professionals. The Bolam approach has traditionally been interpreted as a principle that a doctor will not be negligent if other professional opinion holds his actions as reasonable, even if that opinion is a minority. The courts have been deferential to the profession, and the apparent move away from such approach in Bolitho is a disappointment of this deference. Lord Browne-Wilkinson’s words were read quite literally, the emphasis being placed upon the words, ‘but if in a rare case’ – the courts have only questioned ‘reasonable and responsible’ medical opinion in a very small amount of cases and it seems as though the Bolitho approach is, as Mason and Laurie commented, a mere ‘back up’ if the judge wishes to find for the claimant. Whilst the courts have slowly begun to depart fro m the traditional approach, more needs to be done before there is any comparison with the approach of other Commonwealth jurisdictions, such as Australia. Furthermore, the courts should be more clear in their reasoning, as it is also important to be able to ascertain objectively how cases should be decided on grounds of precedent. The majority of clinical negligence claims that are commenced, are settled by the NHS Litigation Authority before they even reach court and would it not be more economic for the NHS to be able to ascertain with greater certainty when a doctor has been negligent? Finally, the decision in Bolitho is far from a departure of judicial deference to the medical profession, it is a mere spin on the language originally used in Bolam. The courts now have ground to make in establishing a more fair, predictable and objective approach in line with other negligence actions. Bibliography Brazier, M. ‘Medicine, Patients and the Law’ (2003, 3rd edn) Penguin Books, London Davies, M. ‘Textbook on Medical Law’ (2001, 2nd edn) Blackstone Press, London Jaskson, E., ‘Medical Law – Text, Cases and Materials’ (2006) Oxford University Press, Oxford Kennedy, I. Grubb, A. ‘Medical Law’ (2000, 3rd edn) Butterworths, London Mason, JK et al, ‘Law and Medical Ethics’ (2002, 6th edn) Butterworths, London Montgomery, J. ‘Health Care Law’ (2003, 2nd edn) Oxford University Press, Oxford National Audit Office, Handling Clinical Negligence Claims in England, 2001 Singer, P., ‘Rethinking Life and Death: The Collapse of our Traditional Ethics’ (OUP Oxford 1994) Journal Articles Brazier, M., Miola, J., ‘Bye-Bye Bolam: A Medical Litigation Revolution?’ (2000) 8 Med L Rev 85 Keown, J., ‘Reining In the Bolam Test’ (1998) 57 CLJ 248 Teff, H., ‘The Standard of Care in Medical Negligence – Moving on from Bolam?’ (1998) 19 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 473-84 Woolf, Lord., ‘Are the Courts Excessively Deferential to the Medical Profession?’ (2001) 9 Medical Law Review 1-16. 1 Footnotes [1] The establishment of negligence is a common law creation – see Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] All ER Rep 1 [2] Kennedy and Grubb, ‘Medical Law’ (3rd edn, 2000) at pp 278 [3] Medicine, Patients and the Law, (3rd Edn, 2003) at pp 141 [4] See for example, Nettleship v. Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 [5][1957] 2 All ER 118 [6] (1981) unreported, and Maynard v. West Midlands Regional Health Authority [1985] 1 All ER 635 [7] Jackson, E., ‘Medical Law – Text, Cases and Materials’, (2006, OUP), Oxford at page 123 [8] [1987] 1 QB 730 [9] above, n 4. [10] Lord Scarman in Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] 1 All ER 643 [11] [1985] 1 All ER 635 [12] Kennedy and Grubb, ‘Medical Law’ (3rd edn, 2000) at pp 418 [13] [1993] 4 Med LR 393. Despite the fact that the case was reported in 1994, the decision was actually made in 1960 [14] [1997] 4 All ER 771 [15] Kennedy and Grubb, ‘Medical Law’ (3rd edn, 2000) at pp 445 [16] [1998] Lloyd’s Rep Med 223 CA [17] Unreported, 30 May 2002 [18] [1999] Lloyds Rep Med 23 [19] Mason, J.K., Laurie, G.T., ‘Mason McCall Smith’s Law and Medical Ethics’, (2006, 7th Edn) Oxford University Press, Oxford. [20] See for example, De Freitas v O’Brien [1995] 6 Med LR 108 [21] see for example, Briody v St Helen’s Knowsley AHA [1999] Lloyd’s Rep. Med. 185, Hallatt v NW Anglia HA [1998] Lloyd’s Rep. Med. 197, and Rhodes v W Surrey NE Hampshire HA [1998] Lloyd’s Rep. Med.. 256 [22] ‘Are the Courts Excessively Deferential to the Medical Profession?’ (2001) 9 Medical Law Review 1-16. [23] Ibid [24] Ibid. Also see, National Audit Office, Handling Clinical Negligence Claims in England, 2001 [25] Lord Woolf, above n 22 [26] ‘The Standard of Care in Medical Negligence – Moving on from Bolam?’ (1998) 19 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 473-84 [27] Ibid [28] [1985] 1 All ER 643 [29] [1988] QB 481 [30] (1992) 67 ALJR 47 [31] above, n 22 [32] See for example Re S (adult patient: sterilisation) [2001] Fam 15, [2000] 3 WLR 1288. [33] [1993] 1 All ER 821 [34] [1993] AC 789 at 869

William Blake uses this poem in order to convey a message to the :: English Literature

William Blake uses this poem in order to convey a message to the audience regarding childhood. He does this by using various literary and linguistic approaches throughout this piece of writing. The reader can depict that there are two voices used in this poem and they have been presented in a creative way. Blake has chosen to write six stanzas; the first three in the voice of a child, and the second three in the voice of himself. In the first three stanzas, Blake demonstrates contrasts between the feelings of the child. The first stanza is written in the first person narrative, which gives the text a more personal effect. â€Å"I love to rise in the summer morn† This opening line of this poem shows the reader the enthusiasm shared by the child. The abstract noun ‘love’ immediately gives the poem emotion. Its shows exaggeration and gives the reader a pictorial image of how the child would rise in the summer morn. However, this happy emotion is contradicted in the second and third stanzas. The author uses lexical choices such as ‘sighing’, ‘dismay’, and ‘drooping’ which shows the reader that the emotions of the voice in the opening stanzas have been reversed and the atmosphere is no longer pleasant like in stanza one. Blake uses two settings in which the scene is set in this poem. The first stanza reveals the scene as being set in the outdoor. References are made to ‘birds’, ‘winds’ and ‘sings’ which are all things associated with happiness and the outdoors. These are dynamic verbs; used to help emphasise the atmosphere and to what extent the child likes it. The second and third stanzas reveal the scene of being at school, in a classroom. â€Å"But to go to school on a summer morn† This shows us that the child is expressing his feelings towards his school life. The connective ‘But’ gives the reader the impression of uncertainty and hesitation, which strengthens the fact that the child does not enjoy school. The mood of the poem suddenly changes and the reader is made aware of the fact that the child does not enjoy the process in which he is educated. Various contrasts are made throughout the poem to symbolise the contrasting feelings of the child when in the outdoors compared to when at school. â€Å"I love to rise in a summer morn† is contrasting to â€Å"†¦ at times I drooping sit† The author has used opposing verbs in these lines, which shows the difference between what the child voice feels towards two different settings. These two sentences give the reader the impression that the child is eager to get up in the mornings to explore the outdoors

Grapes Of Wrath Essay -- essays research papers fc

John Steinbeck uses symbolism to enrich his writing. Several of these symbols can be found in his book, The Grapes of Wrath. The Joad’s, a family from Oklahoma, are in search of a better life. They leave their home in journey to California because of the dust bowl. The symbols in the book are the dust, the turtle, names of people, and the grapes. These symbols give the reader an additional perspective of the book. Dust represents life and death. Dust makes a mess of things and leaves possessions under a mucky film. The farming in Oklahoma becomes difficult because the heavy winds uplift the soil and carry it great distances. Then the farmers are left with no soil to grow their crops. The Joad’s livelihood depends on the soil. If the soil is rich, then it will feed hundreds. But if the soil is dry, it destroys crops and causes famine. The dust covers Oklahoma and leaves the Joad family with no other choice, but to move. The Joad’s journey to California is as slow as a turtle. Heat in the desert, car problems, and the death of the grandparents make the journey long and painful. A turtle shelters himself by pulling his head, legs, and tail inside his shell. The Joad’s gather together as a family to comfort and shelter themselves. A turtle feels safe when it enters his shell and the Joad’s feel safe when they gather as a family. There is symbolic significance in the names of characters throughout The Grapes of Wrath. Tom, one of the main characters, is hitchhiking home when he stumbles upon a preacher by the name of Jim Casey. Jim baptized Tom, but now he is no longer preaching because he has found that everything is holy and man needs no preacher. His initials are J.C. which are the same as Jesus Christ. Jim shows similar characteristics to Jesus Christ. He sacrifices himself for Tom. Tom has caused a deputy to loose his suspect and is said to be under arrest, but Casey steps in and takes the blame. â€Å"It was me, alright† (p.364). Casey is taken by two deputies, but appears to be proud because he knows he has done the right thing. â€Å"Between his guards Casey sat proudly, his head up and the stringy muscles of his neck prominent† (p.364). He gives up his freedom so the Joad’s can accomplish their dreams as a family. Tom then meets Muley Graves, an old neighbor. Muley shows animal like characteristics and acts like a mule. Just like a mule, Muley is stubborn. ... ...ouldn’t share. â€Å"So Ruthie got mad an’ chased ‘em, an’ she fit one, an’ then she fit another, an’ then one big girl got up an’ licked her† (p.563). Although she appears to be strong in reality she is weak . Grapes are the fruit of the vine; something sweet. But in actuality for the Joad’s they are a disappointment. The Joad’s talk about them as being this wonderful fruit that will bring them a better life. They will pick the grapes and earn money. But as they stare at the open fields they realize that it is all just a dream. There are no grapes. They continuously think of the grapes as an escape from their depression. The grapes would be so fruitful that they would be able to bathe in the sweetness, but in their case it turns out completely different. Discussing the symbols of the dust, the turtle, the names, and the grapes makes the reader aware of another aspect of the story. The reader is able to realize just how well Steinbeck is able to bring his stories to life. As a reader you learn to appreciate his style of writing. Once you read his books you realize that he is not only a author, but an artist too. Bibliography the symbols in the Grapes of Wrath Word Count: 1716

Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival Essay -- Postmodernism

Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For contemporary Western—particularly American—thought, there have been two prevailing theories, at polar ends of the spectrum.   There is the belief that there are absolute ethical forces, and there is the belief that there are no set standards of judgment.   Both of these views seem extreme, attacking our sense of modernity and our sense of personal values.   Consequently, most people find their place somewhere moderately between the two.   As between belief and unbelief there is agnosticism, or between moralism and immoralism there is amoralism, between the belief in standards and the belief in no standards there is postmodernism.   Postmodernism places at its core that there is no unified theory or objective standard by which to judge every thing that is and that â€Å"there can be no independent standard for determining which of many rival interpretations [†¦] is the right one† (Fish).   Postmodernists th us assign the label â€Å"opinion† to most qualitative concepts:   a belief in an afterlife, bagels, and international politics cannot be judged on the same scale.   This is very egalitarian, allowing people to have personal beliefs while not necessarily bothering others with them.   Even in light of the fundamentalist wave that crashed after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, postmodernism, the central philosophy of contemporary America, has withstood the test of time. As a form of thinking, postmodernism has had an easy existence in the latter half of the 20th century.   After World War II, the only conflicts we have had either involved bloodless politics (the Watergate scandal), isolated events (the Cuban missile crisis), or ideological disputes (Korean and Vietnam... ...st theories, was strong enough (or possibly flimsy enough) to withstand a new fundamentalist revival.   The belief in polar rights and wrongs is stronger now, after the attacks, but postmodernism’s invulnerability does not mean that it is incorruptible to these polar beliefs.   A new philosophy that incorporates both of these ideas may soon emerge, seeking to pacify opponents of each, and, even if it succeeds, such a ideological fusion would be born in postmodernism, in the belief that this idea of standards and measurements cannot be completely disproven. Sources Cited Fish, Stanley.   â€Å"Condemnation Without Absolutes.†Ã‚   New York Times.   A19.   15 Oct. 2001 Halliday, Fred.   Two Hours that Shook the World.   London:   Saqi Books, 2002 Rothstein, Edward.   â€Å"Attacks on U.S. Challenge the Perspectives of Postmodern True Believers.†Ã‚   New York Times.   A17.   22 Sep. 2001. Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival Essay -- Postmodernism Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For contemporary Western—particularly American—thought, there have been two prevailing theories, at polar ends of the spectrum.   There is the belief that there are absolute ethical forces, and there is the belief that there are no set standards of judgment.   Both of these views seem extreme, attacking our sense of modernity and our sense of personal values.   Consequently, most people find their place somewhere moderately between the two.   As between belief and unbelief there is agnosticism, or between moralism and immoralism there is amoralism, between the belief in standards and the belief in no standards there is postmodernism.   Postmodernism places at its core that there is no unified theory or objective standard by which to judge every thing that is and that â€Å"there can be no independent standard for determining which of many rival interpretations [†¦] is the right one† (Fish).   Postmodernists th us assign the label â€Å"opinion† to most qualitative concepts:   a belief in an afterlife, bagels, and international politics cannot be judged on the same scale.   This is very egalitarian, allowing people to have personal beliefs while not necessarily bothering others with them.   Even in light of the fundamentalist wave that crashed after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, postmodernism, the central philosophy of contemporary America, has withstood the test of time. As a form of thinking, postmodernism has had an easy existence in the latter half of the 20th century.   After World War II, the only conflicts we have had either involved bloodless politics (the Watergate scandal), isolated events (the Cuban missile crisis), or ideological disputes (Korean and Vietnam... ...st theories, was strong enough (or possibly flimsy enough) to withstand a new fundamentalist revival.   The belief in polar rights and wrongs is stronger now, after the attacks, but postmodernism’s invulnerability does not mean that it is incorruptible to these polar beliefs.   A new philosophy that incorporates both of these ideas may soon emerge, seeking to pacify opponents of each, and, even if it succeeds, such a ideological fusion would be born in postmodernism, in the belief that this idea of standards and measurements cannot be completely disproven. Sources Cited Fish, Stanley.   â€Å"Condemnation Without Absolutes.†Ã‚   New York Times.   A19.   15 Oct. 2001 Halliday, Fred.   Two Hours that Shook the World.   London:   Saqi Books, 2002 Rothstein, Edward.   â€Å"Attacks on U.S. Challenge the Perspectives of Postmodern True Believers.†Ã‚   New York Times.   A17.   22 Sep. 2001.

Analyzing the role of Strategic Entrepreneurship in forming temporary Competitive Advantage that leads to Value Creation

Introduction Globalization and the rapid pace of development, combined with intense competition, have pushed firms to seek ways to survive and thrive in today’s highly volatile business environment. As such, entrepreneurs are primarily concerned with building competitive advantage and creating value for their firms. Recent studies point out the significance of strategic entrepreneurship as a way for businesses to develop a ‘more entrepreneurial orientation for sustained competitive advantage’ (Olusola, 2012). Strategic entrepreneurship essentially involves concurrent opportunity-seeking and advantage-seeking behaviors, which result in better performance of the firm (Ireland, Hitt & Sirmon, 2003). This research is interested in conducting a similar investigation and seeks to analyze the role of strategic entrepreneurship in forming temporary competitive advantage, which leads to the creation of value for the firm. Research Questions This dissertation is interested in determining whether firms, which engage in strategic entrepreneurship, are able to establish temporal competitive advantage in a dynamic environment, especially whilst competing with other firms and within the context of creating value for the firm. Below are the specific questions to be addressed in this dissertation: What benefits would a firm obtain by successfully employing strategic entrepreneurship in the current competitive market What temporary competitive advantage results from employing strategic entrepreneurship Does strategic entrepreneurship create value Aims and Objectives The primary aim of this research is to analyze the role of strategic entrepreneurship in building competitive advantage and creating value for the firm. Based on the research questions given above, the objectives of this dissertation are as follows: To find out the benefits of employing strategic entrepreneurship To understand what competitive advantages are the result of utilising strategic entrepreneurship To investigate whether strategic entrepreneurship creates value for the firm Rationale This dissertation will provide insights on the significance of strategic entrepreneurship, especially within the context of forming temporary competitive advantage, in pursuit of creating value for the firm. This research seeks to address some of the gaps in literature, such as understanding the balance between the opportunity-seeking behavior associated with entrepreneurship and the advantage-seeking behavior of strategic management (Hitt et al., 2011). Moreover, a Strategic Entrepreneurship Theoretical Tree will be utilized in order to analyze the various components of strategic entrepreneurship. The theoretical tree is created based from the different studies conducted on the subject. Literature Review (Preliminary) Strategic entrepreneurship is associated with firm’s objective of achieving superior performance through the simultaneous application of both opportunity-seeking and advantage-seeking activities (Ketchen, Ireland, & Snow, 2007). Various researchers have identified different components of strategic entrepreneurship, which can lead to superior performance of the firm. Ireland, Hitt & Sirmon (2003) proposes four dimensions for the successful implementation of strategic entrepreneurship: (a) entrepreneurial mindset; (b) entrepreneurial culture and leadership; (c) strategic management of resources; and (d) applying creativity to develop innovations. At the business level, value creation is usually reflected in the expansion and growth of a firm. Welter & Smallbone (2004) found that Institutional Economic Theory highlights the institutional embeddedness and path dependence of entrepreneurial behavior. This, in turn, influences the degree and nature of value creation for the firm. A number of authors have identified the factors that influence value creation and competitive advantage. Pongpearchan (2011, p.5) found that ‘operational innovation efficiency and business practice effectiveness have a significant positive effect on value creation excellence.’ On the other hand, Rindova & Fombrun (1999) argue that competitive advantage is a systemic outcome which develops as firms engage in processes that involve the use and exchange of resources, as well as the communication that occurs in these exchanges. Therefore, the fluctuations on the interpretations and evaluations of a firm affect its resources and its competitive advantage in the marketplace. Below is the model of the Strategic Entrepreneurship Theoretical Tree which will be used as the main theoretical framework of this research. Each of the components of this model is based on different studies. These will be discussed in more detail during the full dissertation document. Methodology This research will use quantitative research methodology in addressing the objectives of the study. Quantitative survey will be used in gathering data from respondents. Quantitative methodology is chosen for this study because it will allow the researcher to utilize the opinions of respondents in explaining the phenomena being studied. The survey will be administered to employees and managers of SMEs and large commercial firms in the UK to find out their views on the subject. The survey will asks questions such as how respondents perceive the role of strategic entrepreneurship in forming creative temporary competitive advantage; what are the benefits of strategic entrepreneurship; how can firms create value; etc. The target number of respondents for the survey is 100. In anticipation of the fact that some potential respondents might refuse to participate in the survey, around 175 to 200 questionnaires will be distributed to ensure that 100 responses will be gathered. The survey will be administered face-to-face, via post, though emails, and online. This is done to allow respondents to choose how they want to answer the survey. After data gathering is completed, statistical analysis will be used in analyzing the data. SPSS and Excel will be used as the primary software for analysis. References Hitt, M, Ireland, D, Sirman, G, & Trahms, C. (2011). Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating value for individuals, organizations and society. Academy of Management Perspective. p.57-75. Ireland, D, Hitt, M, & Sirmon, D. (2003). A Model of Strategic Entrepreneurship: The Construct and its Dimensions. Journal of Management. 29(6), p.963-989 Ketchen, D, Ireland, D, & Snow, C. (2007). Strategic entrepreneurship, collaborative innovation, and wealth creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. 1(3-4), p.371-385. Olusola, A. (2012). Strategic Entrepreneurial Skills’ Influence on Small Businesses’ Performance in Oyo and Osun Western States-Nigeria. Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies.1 (6), p.345-352. Pongpearchan, P. (2011). Strategic entrepreneurship management competency and firm success: a comparative study of SMEs in auto and electronic parts in Thailand. International Journal of Business Strategy. 11(2). Rindova, V & Fombrun, C. (1999). Constructing competitive advantage: the role of firm-constituent interactions. Strategic Management Journal. 20(8), p.691-710.

Political Order Essay

poTop 20 (+1) List of Political Ideologies You Should lie with For APUSH 1. cautious Generally a heading to maintain a traditional strength on an issue.? For example, if unitary was culturally conservative in the United States, they would probably be against an issue like girls wearing 6 inch tall pink mohawks to naturalize because it is a traditionally unacceptable hairstyle. If one were in fiscal matters conservative, they would probably be against an redundance of political relational sympathies taxing and using up they would penury to? be conservative with their money.2.liberalism Only recently used as an opposite to the shape conservative historically, it m over to hold soulfulness liberties as the closely(prenominal) important loving or political goal.? For example, if one were culturally liberal, they would hold that girls could wear 6 inch tall pink mohawks to school because it is that soulfulnesss individual choice. If one were fiscally liberal, they w ould probably be for administration spending on stuff like stead exploration even though it is not absolutely necessary for human survival, it is fluid culturally important.3. full-wing Are unremarkably population or ideas that seek to observe or return the traditional organization of a civil society and the preservation of the domestic culture, commonly in the count of external forces for change. For example, m any right-wing thinkers retrieve that all good deal in the States should legally subscribe to learn English. 4. left-of-center Are usually people who worry to change or abolish the living political or mixer order. Sometimes, downstairs this category are people who get word to promote equality in riches and privilege.For example, many left-wing people conceptualize that helping the poor at the depreciate of the rich is a good thing. 5. communism A broad term for any political political theory that promotes collective willpower of the means of prod uction and distribution of goods and services, as opposed to private ownership (like we have in the U. S. , if your dad owns a simple machine factory, he owns it, not the g everyplacenment). Communism is considered socialist. Traditionally, most trade unions can be seen as socialist because the workers collectively own the union.Also, social security can be seen as a socialist because it is a government organized and regulated dodge. 6. democratic A system of government by which political control is retained by the people and exercised directly by citizens. Notice the atomic d. This does not mean the political party. 7. res publica A system of government by which at least many of the people have control over the government and monarchy does not exist. Notice the shrimpy r. This does not mean the political party. 8. fascism A system of government that is intemperately authoritarian and nationalistic.9. authoritarian describes a course of action of government that typically emphasizes the sole authorization of the state in a republic or union. 10. nationalism A political movement which holds that a nation, usually define in terms of ethnicity or culture, has the right to constitute an independent political association base on a divided history and common destiny. 11. radicalism ordinarily denotes a drastic shift from the traditional norm, usually to an extreme. 12. libertarianism Usually a political ism which prioritize individual liberty and usually seeks to minimize the state.13. communism is a socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an equal, classless based on common ownership of the means of production and property in general. 14. populism is a political ideology which promotes the common people above or versus the privileged. 15. progressivism Usually seen as a political solvent to the Industrial Revolution, socialism, and anarchism it is a political ideology that strives towards social justice, procession of de mocracy, and government efficiency. check over Progressive Party. 16.Marxism A specific aspect of communism derived from the writings of Karl Marx. see communism. 17. federalism (Hamiltonianism) black lovage Hamiltons branch of political archetype that promotes a strong central government composed of weaker states. This particular sea tang to a fault includes very strong governmental interposition in economic issues. 18. Jeffersonian Republicanism In contrast to the above, a school of purpose promoted by Thomas Jefferson that promotes states and individual rights over a strong central government. This flavor usually necessitates a virtuous populace.19. Jacksonian Democracy Usually seen as a mixture of the two above, promoted by Andrew Jackson, this system sees an increase of political involvement by the common man and an increase of the powers of a strong federal government. 20. localism a political or economic philosophy that prioritizes local needs over most else. Exam ple, a city passing a law that the only tomatoes that can be sold must be large(p) from a local farm is considered localism. 21. anarchism the promotion of the abolition of all forms of government.